Wojcik SM, Katsurabayashi S, Guillemin I, Friauf E, Rosenmund C, Brose N, et al. Role of ACh-GABA cotransmission in detecting image motion and motion direction. Mechanisms and functions of GABA co-release. Rapid, activity-independent turnover of vesicular transmitter content at a mixed glycine/GABA synapse. Neuropeptides in perspective: the last ten years. Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and arousal. The sleep switch: hypothalamic control of sleep and wakefulness. Neuronal activity in the preoptic hypothalamus during sleep deprivation and recovery sleep. MCH neurons are the primary sleep-promoting group. Identification of sleep-promoting neurons in vitro. Gallopin T, Fort P, Eggermann E, Cauli B, Luppi PH, Rossier J, et al. Identification of preoptic sleep neurons using retrograde labelling and gene profiling. 2014 17:1217–24.Ĭhung S, Weber F, Zhong P, Tan CL, Nguyen TN, Beier KT, et al. The GABAergic parafacial zone is a medullary slow wave sleep-promoting center. 2003 19:175–8.Īnaclet C, Ferrari L, Arrigoni E, Bass CE, Saper CB, Lu J, et al. Zhao LZ, Zhang GL, Gao J, Zhang JX, Zhong MK, Zhang J. Neuronal activity of histaminergic tuberomammillary neurons during wake-sleep states in the mouse. Locus coeruleus neuronal activity during the sleep-waking cycle in mice. Orexin 2 receptor antagonism is sufficient to promote NREM and REM sleep from mouse to man. Gotter AL, Forman MS, Harrell CM, Stevens J, Svetnik V, Yee KL, et al. Noradrenaline from locus coeruleus neurons acts on pedunculo-pontine neurons to prevent rem sleep and induces its loss-associated effects in rats. Khanday MA, Somarajan BI, Mehta R, Mallick BN. Orexin OX2 receptor antagonists as sleep aids. Cholinergic, glutamatergic, and gabaergic neurons of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus have distinct effects on sleep/wake behavior in mice. Kroeger D, Ferrari LL, Petit G, Mahoney CE, Fuller PM, Arrigoni E, et al. Orexin and epilepsy: potential role of REM sleep. Here, we present an in-depth review of co-transmission in hypothalamic WPNs and SPNs and discuss its functional significance in the sleep–wake network. Moreover, co-transmission allows subcortical structures to bi-directionally control postsynaptic neurons, thus helping to orchestrate several complex physiological functions such as sleep. Co-transmission is often beneficial to structures with limited numbers of neurons because it provides increasing computational capability and flexibility. Interestingly, many of these WPNs and SPNs co-express and co-release various types of the neurotransmitters that often have opposing modulatory effects on the network. WPNs and SPNs are ubiquitous in the brainstem and diencephalon, areas that together contain <1% of the neurons in the human brain. According to the most conventional sleep model, wake-promoting neurons (WPNs) and sleep-promoting neurons (SPNs) compete for network dominance, creating a systematic “switch” that results in either the sleep or awake state.
Sleep and wakefulness control in the mammalian brain requires the coordination of various discrete interconnected neurons.
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